Advances In Heavy Metal Detection: From Traditional To 3D-Printed And Smartphone-Based Methods

Abstract

This systematic review investigates recent advancements in heavy metal detection technologies, spanning from traditional techniques to innovative 3D-printed and smartphone-based approaches. Employing the PRISMA methodology, a thorough search across scientific databases identified 212 articles relevant to heavy metal detection. After screening titles, abstracts, and full-texts based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 45 studies were selected for detailed review and analysis. The review provides a comparative evaluation of detection methods by examining factors such as sensitivity, accuracy, cost-effectiveness, portability, and environmental sustainability. Traditional detection techniques, such as atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), remain the gold standard due to their high sensitivity and precision; however, they often require sophisticated equipment, controlled environments, and are resource-intensive. This review discusses the strengths and limitations of each method, highlighting the potential of novel technologies to enhance accessibility and efficiency in real-time, on-site heavy metal monitoring. Concluding insights outline future research directions aimed at optimizing detection technologies to meet evolving needs in environmental monitoring, public health, and industrial safety applications.